Fájl:Grünenberg rendjelek,.PNG

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Emblems of knightly orders

Like the slightly later emperor Maximilian I (r.1493-1519), Conrad Grünenberg must have been incurably romantic about knighthood, knightly values, the transnational brotherhood of knights and the sport of tournaments. In a way this armorial can be seen as a tribute to these ideals, shared by many of his more affluent contemporaries. Besides the comprehensive lists of members of the tournament societies, the most telling evidence is his collection of the many emblems of orders of knighthood, though in some instances he must have confused some of the orders with tokens of maintenance and possibly private badges.

In the GStA manuscript Conrad Grünenberg has his arms on fo. 1rc surrounded by his four orders of knighthood:
1. Order of St. Sepulchre de Jerusalemme, a red cross of Jerusalem, dating back to the conquest of 1099, it was by 1483 conferred by the franciscan guardian at Jerusalem. Maigne OC 206; wikipedia.
2. The cypriotic order of the Sword, which is also on 50n/25r; the emblem is a sword within a S-formed scroll with the motto 'pour léalité maintenir'; instituted 1195, discontinued 1489 when Cyprus was sold to Venezia. Maigne OC 38, Boulton KC 247.
3. The aragonese Order of the Pitcher al. Stole & Jar al. Kanneorden al. Ordre de la Jarre, which is also on page 40n/20r, instituted 1410, and awarded to several german travellers. Maigne OC 255, Boulton KC 334-337.
4. The emblem of arms of St.George above the figure of St. George & Dragon, which is also on 87n/44v for the MGf.Meissen. The society or order has not been adequately explained. It might be for the 1337 society Tempelaise / St.Georg (Kruse R 51-57, #3). In Boulton KC 483 the emblem is assigned to St.George of Swabia, probably meaning the St.Jörgenschild (Kruse A #46). This is not to be confused with the austrian Order of St.George & Carinthia, a monastical warrior society instituted 1469 by emperor Friedrich III for the defence of Carinthia (Maigne OC 176-177, Kruse R 407-416 (#79); wikipedia).

A further 13 badges of various orders are on the back of that page, 1vc:
1. The hungarian Order of the Dragon, which is also on p. 38n/19r. This can also be interpreted as a politico-military society. The emblem is a dragon hanging from a silvery burning cross charged with a red crosslet; instituted 1408 by emperor Sigismund (d.1437). Maigne OC 54; Boulton KC 354; Kruse R 230-247 (#52).
2. A winged stag gorged with a crown, a Bourbon badge. Galbreath LH 213.
3. A blue sash, the bohemian Order or Fraternity of Tusin (towel), instituted before 1438 (Kruse R 321-322, #67; Boulton KC 586). This emblem is joined with others on 16n/6v, and there is a white sash around the arms of the Dauphin de France on 86n/44r. A less likely possibility is the castillian Order of the Sash al. la Banda al. de l'Écharpe, instituted c.1330 by Alonzo IX (Maigne OC 15, Boulton KC 46-95), which does not appear to have used such an emblem, but rather a heraldic bend on the dress and horse trapper.
4. A red greek cross, slightly formy, could be for the aragonese Order of Our Lady of Monteza, instituted 1316 by Jacob II, a monastic order replacing the Templars. Maigne OC 135.
5. A sword through a catherine wheel for the Order of Ste.Catharine. Galbreath LH 206n591.
6. The french Cosse de genêt, with a wreath of gentian pods (Planta genista); the order was instituted 1234 by Louis IX 'sacre', reformed 1387 by Charles VI (r.1380-1422), but probably dormant by 1400. RFHS, 2001, 71:160; Maigne OC 37.
7. A golden 'chrysanthemum', actually a collar of fish scales, for the spanish Order of Scales, i.a. given to Jörg Ehingen in 1454. Boulton KC 328; Keen C fig.41 (Ulrich Ketzel).
8. A unicorn issuing from a crescent on a cloud radiant, not identified.
9. A swan gorged with crown and chained, similar to the Bohun badge adopted by the D.Lancaster, but possibly also used by Kleve, who claimed descent from the legendary Swan Knight.
10. A wreath of laurel leaves, for the Gesellschaft im Kranz, instituted c.1479 in Schwaben. Kruse R 417 (#80), see also TG. Leitbracken & Kranzlein.
11. A wicket fence, not identified.
12. A bear passant chained with a ball, possibly the emblem of an anhalter order, created c. 1382 by Sigismund (I) and named for Albrecht 'der Bär' (1123-1170). Maigne OC 6.
13. A red rosary, not identified, but might be related to the Rozenkränze society from Kleve (1393-c.1403). Kruse R 170-173 (#37).

Adorning various arms are a number of other knightly orders:
• On 12n/6v a collar of clouds and blue tau crosses with a bell pendant for the Order of St.Anthonius, instituted c.1420-1435 by Adolf I Hz.Kleve. Kruse R 258-266 (#56), Boulton KC 576.
• On 12n/6v a quatrefoil within a circular knot, probably the badge of the savoiard Order of the Collier al. de Lacs d'amour, instituted 1362 by Amadée (VI) 'vert'. Maigne OC 29, Boulton KC 260.
• On 36n/18r the french Order of St.Michael with a collar of knots and escallops and a badge of St.Michael slaying a dragon, instituted 1469 by Louis XI. Maigne OC 199, Boulton KC 429.
• On 37n/18v the danish Order of the Elephant, probably instituted 1457 by Christian I. The emblem of three nails within the wreath of thorns hanging from an elephant with tower was described 1474 in Mantova. A medallion of Our Lady and Child surrounded by flames might also be present. One of the early members was Christoph von Botsch (d.c.1483). Heraldisk Tidsskrift 2004, 89:390-391; Maigne OC 56, Boulton KC 399.
• On 40n/20r the aragonese Order of the Pitcher al. Jar & Stole al. de la Jarre al. Kanneorden, with its emblem of a griffin above a scroll hanging from a collar of pitchers each with 3 natural lilies. Claimed by Conrad Grünenberg. Maigne OC 255, Galbreath LH 210n602, Boulton KC 284 a.o.
• On 41n with the arms of Böhmen the austrian Order of the Eagle or of Justice with its badge of an eagle standing on a scroll with 'thue recht' hanging from an arm issuing from a cloud and holding a fasces. Kruse R 285-293 (#62), Boulton KC 347.
• On 42n/21r the 'S-S' collar, not of a knightly order, but an emblem of grace and maintenance from the lancastrian dukes and later kings of England. The presentation here is a mix of the belt emblem of the Order of the Garter and the 'S-S' collar, used with portcullis clasps and various pendants in german sources. At the top of the page a white double rose (yellow in Grinberg GRU), an emblem of the yorkist kings of England (Edward IV, r.1461-1483; Richard III, r.1483-1485). Boulton KC 484.
• On 45n/22v the angevin Order of the Crescent al. de la Croissant camaillé, instituted 1448 by Rene d'Anjou. The members are mentioned in the armorial Croissant, Paris, BnF, ms.fr. 24204. Maigne OC 42, Boulton KC 612.
• On 48n/24r a collar of pomegranate branches and fruits, with the inscription 'agro dulce' on the pomegranate badge, for the pseudo-order Order of the Pomegranate al. devisa del collar del escama. There is no official mention of it as an order of chivalry, created by Juan II R.Castille (r.1406-1454) in c1430, and given to Jörg Ehingen in 1454 and to Gf.Cilli 1430; Boulton KC 63.
• On 66n/38v a badge of a carnivore on a burning mount below the legend 'soldan gesellschaft' - even the heathen moslems ought to have knightly societies.
• On 86n/44r a collar of hands holding horsebrayes and clouds with a pendant of a pelican feeding her chicks, for the Gesellschaft St.Georgs / St.Jörgens mit dem Pelikan, instituted 1444 by PfGf. Ludwig von Wittelsbach (r.1436-1449). Kruse R 347-371 (#70), Boulton KC 599.
• On 87n/44v a collar of clouds with a pendant of a lion hanging from a dove holding a tau cross, a Holy Spirit device combining the emblem of the St.Anthony of Kleve with the saxon order of St.Jerome (Boulton KC 328+576). The arms of Sachsen is accompanied by the emblem of the St. George (as on 1rc) and a lion badge across the three tassels of a red clerical hat, the emblem of the Orden des Hl. Hieronimus al. St.Jerome, instituted 1450 by Kf. Friederich II von Sachsen & MGf.Meissen (r.1428-1464). Kruse R 387- 389 (#73), Boulton KC 623.
• On 87n/44v a collar of horsebrayes and hearts with a double pendant of Our Lady and Child on a crescent above a swan within a scarf. The brandenburger, and later bavarian, Order of the Swan al. the fraternity-society of Unserer lieben Frau zum Schwan, instituted 1440 by Kurfürst Friedrich II (Wittelsbach). Maigne OC 48; Galbreath LH 210n602; Kruse R 324-346 (#69), Boulton KC 592.
• On 88n/45r a household order of the Habsburg dukes of Austria, with the emblem of a lamb on burning stones. Given i.a. to Christoph von Botsch (d.c1483), the emblems of his orders were painted on his ex-libris in aquarell. Heraldisk Tidsskrift 2004, 89:390-391; Kruse R 20 ('Flammenlamm');
• On 90n/49r the breton Order of the Hermine with its ears of wheat collar and ermine pendant; instituted 1379 by Jean IV duc de Bretagne after returning from captivity and commemorating the battle of Auray 29.09.1364, later united with ordre de l'Épi, instituted 1448 by Francois I D.Bretagne. Maigne OC 60+77, Boulton KC 276.
• On 91n/49v the burgundian, and from 1477 habsburgian, Order of the Golden Fleece al. Toison d'or, with its collar of fusils and stones and the Fleece badge, instituted 1430 by Philippe 'bon' D.Bourgogne. Maigne OC 231, Boulton KC 368+371.
• On 95n/47v the julicher Order of St. Hubertus with its collars of knots and hunting horns and hunting horn badge, instituted 1444 by Gerhard V Hz.Jülich-Berg. Maigne OC 183; Kruse R 352-376 (#71), Boulton KC 500.
• On 100n/50r the silesian Order of the Rüdenband with a chain-like collar for hunting dogs and badge; instituted 1413 by Ludwig (II) Hz.Liegnitz (d.1436). The Rüde is a large mongrel dog for boar hunting. Paravicini PR 2:181; Kruse R 252-255 (#54).

Besides these orders, there are a number of personal badges associated with coats-of-arms, a few of which might be construed as emblems of knightly orders, e.g. the porcupine with Bretagne. There is a difference of opinion between Kruse &al. and Boulton on the classification of some orders, whether they are princely orders or more likely to be Adelsgesellschaften headed by a prince.

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